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中华人民共和国印花税暂行条例(附英文)

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中华人民共和国印花税暂行条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国印花税暂行条例(附英文)

1988年6月24日国务院第九次常务会议通过,1988年8月6日中华人民共和国国务院令第十一号发布)

第一条 在中华人民共和国境内书立、领受本条例所列举凭证的单位和个人,都是印花税的纳税义务人(以下简称纳税人),应当按照本条例规定缴纳印花税。
第二条 下列凭证为应纳税凭证:
(一)购销、加工承揽、建设工程承包、财产租赁、货物运输、仓储保管、借款、财产保险、技术合同或者具有合同性质的凭证;
(二)产权转移书据;
(三)营业帐薄;
(四)权利、许可证照;
(五)经财政部确定征税的其他凭证。
第三条 纳税人根据应纳税凭证的性质,分别按比例税率或者按件定额计算应纳税额,具体税率、税额的确定,依照本条例所附《印花税税目税率表》执行。
应纳税额不足1角的,免纳印花税。
应纳税额在1角以上的,其税额尾数不满5分的不计,满5分的按1角计算缴纳。
第四条 下列凭证免纳印共税:
(一)已缴纳印花税的凭证的副本或者抄本:
(二)财产所有人将财产赠给政府、社会福利单位、学校所立的书据;
(三)经财政部批准免税的其他凭证,
第五条 印花税实行由纳税人根据规定自行计算应纳税额,购买并一次贴足印花税票(以下简称贴花)的缴纳办法。
为简化贴花手续,应纳税额较大或者贴花次数频繁的,纳税人可向税务机关提出申请,采取以缴款书代替贴花或者按期汇总缴纳的办法。
第六条 印花税票应当粘贴在应纳税凭证上,并由纳税人在每枚税票的骑缝处盖戳注销或者画销。
已贴用的印花税票不得重用。
第七条 应纳税凭证应当于书立或者领受时贴花。
第八条 同一凭证,由两方或者两方以上当事人签订并各执一份的,应当由各方就所执的一份各自全额贴花。
第九条 已贴花的凭证,修改后所载金额增加的,其增加部分应当补贴印花税票。
第十条 印花税由税务机关负责征收管理。
第十一条 印花税票由国家税务局监制。票面金额以人民币为单位。
第十二条 发放或者办理应纳税凭证的单位,负有监督纳税人依法纳税的义务。
第十三条 纳税人有下列行为之一的,由税务机关根据情节轻重,予以处罚:
(一)在应纳税凭证上未贴或者少贴印花税票的,税务机关除责令其补贴印花税票外,可处以应补贴印花税票金额20倍以下的罚款;
(二)违反本条例第六条第一款规定的,税务机关可处以未注销或者画销印花税票金额10倍以下的罚款;
(三)违反本条例第六条第二款规定的,税务机关可处以重用印花税票金额30倍以下的罚款。
伪造印花税票的,由税务机关提请司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十四条 印花税的征收管理,除本条例规定者外,依照《中华人民共和国税收征收管理暂行条例》的有关规定执行。
第十五条 本条例由财政部负责解释;施行细则由财政部制定。
第十六条 本条例自1988年10月1日起施行。
附件:印花税税目税率表
印花税税目税率表
━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━
税 目 ┃ 范 围 ┃ 税 率 ┃纳税义务人┃ 说 明
━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━
1.购销合同┃包括供应、预购、 ┃按购销金 ┃立合同人 ┃
┃采购、购销结合及 ┃额0.3‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃协作、调剂、补偿、┃花 ┃ ┃
┃易货等合同 ┃ ┃ ┃
2.加工承揽┃包括加工、定作、 ┃按加工或 ┃立合同人 ┃
合同 ┃修缮、修理、印刷、┃承揽收入 ┃ ┃
┃广告、测绘、测试 ┃0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃等合同 ┃花 ┃ ┃
3.建设工程┃包括勘察、设计合 ┃按收取费 ┃立合同人 ┃
勘察设计┃同 ┃用0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃
合同 ┃ ┃花 ┃ ┃
4.建筑安装┃包括建筑、安装工 ┃按承包金 ┃立合同人 ┃
工程承包┃程承包合同 ┃额0.3‰贴 ┃ ┃
合同 ┃ ┃花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
5.财产租赁┃包括租赁房屋、船 ┃按租金额 ┃立合同人 ┃
合同 ┃舶、飞机、机动车 ┃1‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃辆、机械、器具、 ┃花。税额 ┃ ┃
┃设备等合同 ┃不足1元 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃的按1元 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃贴花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
6.货物运输┃包括民用航空、铁 ┃按运输费 ┃立合同人 ┃单据作为
合同 ┃路运输、海上运输、┃用0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃合同使用
┃内河运输、公路运 ┃花 ┃ ┃的,按合
┃输和联运合同 ┃ ┃ ┃同贴花
7.仓储保管┃包括仓储、保管合 ┃按仓储保 ┃立合同人 ┃仓单或栈
合同 ┃同 ┃管费用 ┃ ┃单作为合
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃同使用
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃的,按合
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃同贴花
┃ ┃1‰贴花 ┃ ┃单据作为
8.借款合同┃银行及其他金融组 ┃按借款金 ┃立合同人 ┃合同使用
┃织和借款人(不包 ┃额0.05‰ ┃ ┃的,按合
┃括银行同业拆借) ┃贴花 ┃ ┃同贴花
━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━
印花税税目税率表(续一)
━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━
税 目 ┃ 范 围 ┃ 税 率 ┃纳税义务人┃ 说 明
━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━
9.财产保险┃所签订的借款合同 ┃按投保金 ┃ ┃单据作为
合同 ┃包括财产、责任、 ┃额0.03‰ ┃立合同人 ┃合同使用
┃保证、信用等保险 ┃贴花 ┃ ┃的,按合
┃合同 ┃ ┃ ┃同贴花
10.技术合同┃包括技术开发、转 ┃按所载金 ┃立合同人 ┃
┃让、咨询、服务等 ┃额0.3‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃合同。 ┃花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
11.产权转移┃包括财产所有权和 ┃按所载金 ┃立据人 ┃
书据 ┃版权、商标专用权、┃额0.5‰贴 ┃ ┃
┃专利权、专有技术 ┃花 ┃ ┃
┃使用权等转移书据 ┃ ┃ ┃
12.营业帐薄┃生产经营用帐册 ┃记载资金 ┃立帐簿人 ┃
┃ ┃的帐簿, ┃ ┃
┃ ┃按固定资 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃产原值与 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃自有流动 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃资金总额 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃0.5‰贴花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃其他帐簿 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃按件贴花 ┃ ┃
┃ ┃5元。 ┃ ┃
13.权利、许┃包括政府部门发给 ┃按件贴花 ┃领受人 ┃
可证照 ┃的房屋产权证、工 ┃5元。 ┃ ┃
┃商营业执照、商标 ┃ ┃ ┃
┃注册证、专利证、土┃ ┃ ┃
┃地使用证 ┃ ┃ ┃
┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━┻━━━━━
(附英文)

INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON STAMP TAX[*1]

(Adopted by the Ninth Executive Meeting of the State Council onJune 24, 1988 and promulgated by Decree No. 11 of the State Council of thePeople's Republic of China on August 6, 1988, and become effective as ofOctober 1, 1988)

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON STAMP TAX
[*1]
(Adopted by the Ninth Executive Meeting of the State Council on
June 24, 1988 and promulgated by Decree No. 11 of the State Council of the
People's Republic of China on August 6, 1988, and become effective as of
October 1, 1988)
Article 1
All units and individuals who execute or receive, within the territory of
the People's Republic of China, documents in the categories specified in
these Regulations shall be taxpayers subject to stamp tax (hereinafter
referred to as "taxpayers"), and shall pay stamp tax in accordance with
the provisions of these Regulations.
Article 2
The following categories of documents shall be taxable documents:
(1) contracts or documents in the nature of a contract with regard to:
purchases and sales, the undertaking of processing, contracting for
construction projects, property leasing, commodity transport, warehousing,
loans, property insurance, technology;
(2) documents for transfer of property rights;
(3) business account books;
(4) certificates evidencing rights or licences; and
(5) other documents that are taxable as determined by the Ministry of
Finance.
Article 3
According to the nature of the taxable document, taxpayers shall calculate
the amount of tax due on the basis of a flat tax rate or a fixed amount
per document. Determination of the specific tax rate or amount of tax
shall be made with reference to the Schedule of Tax Items and Tax Rates
accompanying these Regualtions.
No stamp tax shall be due where the amount of tax payable does not exceed
one jiao. Where the amount of tax payable is one jiao or more, an odd
amount not exceeding five fen shall not be counted; where the odd amount
is five fen or more, the tax shall be calculated as one jiao.
Article 4
The following documents shall be exempt from stamp tax:
(1) duplicates or copies of documents on which stamp tax has already been
paid;
(2) documents executed for the donation of property to the government,
social welfare establishments or schools by the property owner;
(3) other documents which are exempt from stamp tax with the approval of
the Ministry of Finance.
Article 5
Measures for the payment of stamp tax shall be implemented whereby
taxpayers shall, in accordance with the provisions, calculate the amount
of tax payable and purchase and affix at one time the full corresponding
amount of tax stamps (hereinafter referred to as "stamping").
In order to simplify the stamping procedures where the amount of tax to be
paid is relatively large or where frequent stamping is necessary,
taxpayers may apply to the tax authorities to use a tax payment account
instead of stamping, or a periodic payment method.
Article 6
Tax stamps shall be affixed to taxable documents; taxpayers shall cancel
each stamp along its border with a seal or a drawn line. Tax stamps that
have already been affixed may not be reused.
Article 7
Tax stamps shall be affixed to taxable documents at the time of execution
or upon receipt.
Article 8
Where the same document is executed by two or more parties and each party
holds a copy, each party shall be responsible for affixing on its own copy
the full amount of tax stamps due.
Article 9
Where a document on which tax stamps have already been affixed is amended,
resulting in an increase in the value thereof, additional tax stamps shall
be affixed on the document in accordance with the amount of such increase.
Article 10
The tax authorities shall be responsible for the administration of the
collection of stamp tax.
Article 11
The State Taxation Bureau shall supervise the printing of the tax stamps.
The face value of tax stamps shall be denominated in Renminbi.
Article 12
Units issuing or processing taxable documents shall be responsible for the
supervision of taxpayers in respect of the payment of stamp tax in
accordance with the law.
Article 13
Where taxpayers are found to have engaged in any of the following, the tax
authorities shall impose penalties in light of the seriousness of the
case:
(1) in the case of a failure to affix tax stamps, or to affix an
insufficient amount of tax stamps, on taxable documents, the tax
authorities may, in addition to ordering taxpayers to make up the tax
stamps, impose a fine equal to twenty times or less the amount of tax
stamps due;
(2) in the case of a violation of the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article
6 of these Regulations, the tax authorities may impose a fine equal to ten
times or less the amount of the tax stamps that have not been cancelled by
a seal or a drawn line; and
(3) in the case of a violation of the provisions of Paragraph 2 of Article
6 of these Regulations, the tax authorities may impose a fine equal to
thirty times or less the amount of the tax stamps that have been reused.
In a case where tax stamps have been forged, the tax authorities shall
submit the matter to the judicial authorities for investigation into
criminal liability in accordance with the law.
Article 14
The collection and administration of stamp tax shall, in addition to the
provisions of these Regulations, be administered in accordance with the
pertinent provisions of the Interim Regulations of the People's Republic
of China for Tax Administration.
Article 15
The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the interpretation of
these Regulations, The rules for the implementation of these Regulations
shall be formulated by the Ministry of Finance.
Article 16
These Regulations shall become effective as of October 1, 1988.
Appendix: Stamp Tax Schedule of Tax Items and Tax Rates
|================|==================|==========|==========|=======|
|Tax Item |Scope |Tax Rate |Tax Payer |Remarks|
|================|==================|==========|==========|=======|
|1. purchases |including con- |0.03% of |parties to| |
| and sales |tracts for supp- |the value |the | |
| contracts |ly, advanced |of the |contract | |
| |sales, institu- |purchase | | |
| |tional pur- |or sale- | | |
| |chases, combin- | | | |
| |ed purchase and | | | |
| |cooperative | | | |
| |manufacturing, | | | |
| |assembly com- | | | |
| |pensation trade, | | | |
| |barter, and so | | | |
| |on. | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|2. processing |including con- |stamping |parties to| |
| contracts |tracts for pro- |as 0.05% |the | |
| |cressing, special |of the in-|contract | |
| |orders, repair |come | | |
| |and renovation, |from pro- | | |
| |overhaul, print- |cessing or| | |
| |ing, advertising, |contract- | | |
| |surveying, |ing | | |
| |testing and so | | | |
| |on. | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|3. survey and |including con- |0.05% of |parties to| |
| design con- |tracts for survey |receipts |the | |
| tracts for |and design | |contract | |
| engineering | | | | |
| and construc-| | | | |
| tion projects| | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|4. construction |including con- |0.03% of |parties to| |
| and installa-|tracts for con- |the con- |the | |
| tion project |straction and in- |tracted |contract | |
| contracts |stallation |amount | | |
| |undertaking | | | |
|----------------|------------------|----------|----------|-------|
|5.property leas-|including con- |0.1% of |parties to| |
| ing contracts |tracts for leasing|the lease |the | |
| |of buildings, |amounts |contract | |
| |vessels, aircraft,|less than | | |
| |motor vehicles, |one yuan | | |
| |machinery, ap- |to be | | |
| |pliances and |stamped | | |
| |other such |as one | | |
| |equipment |yuan | | |
|================|==================|==========|==========|=======|
|=================|=================|=========|==========|=================|
|Tax Item |Scope |Tax Rate |Tax Payer |Remarks |
|=================|=================|=========|==========|=================|
|6. goods |including con- |0.05% of |parties to|where the |
| transporta- |tracts for civil |the |the |documents are |
| tion contracts|aviation, railway|transpor-|contract |used as con- |
| |transportation, |tation | |tracts, stamping |
| |maritime |fees | |shall be made to |
| |transportation, | | |the documents |
| |inland water- | | |as in the case of|
| |ways, overland | | |contracts |
| |and through | | | |
| |transportation | | | |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|7. warehousing |including con- |0.01% of |parties to|where ware- |
| and safekeep- |tracts for |the ware-|the |housing or |
| ing contracts |warehousing |housing |contract |safekeeping |
| |and safekeeping |and | |receipts are used|
| | |safekeep-| |as contracts, |
| | |ing fee | |stamping shall |
| | | | |be made to the |
| | | | |documents as in |
| | | | |the case of |
| | | | |contracts |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|8. contracts for | including con- |0.005% of|parties to|if documents are |
| loan | tracts for loan |the loan |the |used as con- |
| | entered by |amount |contract |tracts, stamping |
| | banks and other | | |shall be made to |
| | financial | | |the documents |
| | organizations | | |in the case of |
| | and borrowers | | |contracts |
| | except interbank| | | |
| | loan agreements | | | |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|9. property in- | including in |0.003% of|parties to|if documents are |
| surance | surance con- |the |the |used as con- |
| contracts | tracts for pro- |amount |contract |tracts, stamping |
| | perty, bonding, |insured | |shall be made to |
| | guarantee, sure-| | |the documents |
| | ty and credit | | |as in the case of|
| | undertakings | | |contracts |
| | and so on | | | |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-----------------|
|10. technology | including con- |0.03% of |parties to| |
| contracts | tracts for |the in- |the | |
| | technology |dicated |contract | |
| | development |amount | | |
| | and transfer, | | | |
| | consulting, ser-| | | |
| | vice, and so on | | | |
|=================|=================|=========|==========|=================|
|===============|==================|=============|============|========|
|Tax Item |Scope |Tax Rate |Tax payer |Remarks |
|===============|==================|=============|============|========|
|11. property |including |0.05% of |parties ex- | |
| transfer |transfer |the amount |ecuting the | |
| documents |documents for |indicated |document(s) | |
| |property owner- | | | |
| |ship and | | | |
| |copyrights, | | | |
| |trademark | | | |
| |rights, patents, | | | |
| |the right to the | | | |
| |use of pro- | | | |
| |prietary | | | |
| |technology and | | | |
| |so on | | | |
|---------------|------------------|-------------|------------|--------|
|12.business |account books |account |business ac-| |
| accounting |used for produc- |books for |counting | |
| documents |tion and |recording |entities | |
| |business |funds: 0.05% | | |
| |operations |of the total | | |
| | |amount of | | |
| | |the original | | |
| | |value of fix-| | |
| | |ed assets | | |
| | |and self- | | |
| | |owned | | |
| | |working | | |
| | |capital; | | |
| | |other ac- | | |
| | |count | | |
| | |books: 5 | | |
| | |yuan for | | |
| | |each | | |
|---------------|------------------|-------------|------------|--------|
|13.certificates|including cer- |5 yuan per |receiver(s) | |
| and licences|tificates of title|document |of the | |
| |for buildings, | |document(s) | |
| |business | | | |
| |licences for in- | | | |
| |dustry and com- | | | |
| |merce, cer- | | | |
| |tificates for | | | |
| |registration of | | | |
| |trade-marks, cer- | | | |
| |tificates of | | | |
| |patents, and | | | |
| |land use | | | |
| |certificates | | | |
|===============|==================|=============|============|========|
Note:
[*1] According to the interpretation of Rules for the Implementation of
the Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Stamp Tax,
promulgated by the Ministry of Finance on September 29, 1988, the Interim
Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Stamp Tax shall also
apply to Chinese-foreign Equity joint ventures. Chinese-foreign
contractual joint ventures, foreign-capital enterprises, foreign
companies, enterprises and other economic organizations as well as their
resident offices in China. -The Editor.


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国家发展改革委、财政部关于计算机软件专业技术资格和水平考试费标准的通知

国家发展改革委员会 财政部


国家发展改革委、财政部关于计算机软件专业技术资格和水平考试费标准的通知

2003年12月5日 发改价格[2003]2148号

信息产业部,各省、自治区、直辖市计委(发展改革委)、物价局、财政厅(局):
信息产业部《关于中国计算机软件专业技术资格和水平考试收费的函》(信部人函[2003]232号)收悉。经研究,现将有关事项通知如下:
一、鉴于信息产业部所属电子教育中心(以下简称“电子教育中心”)在组织中国计算机软件专业技术资格和水平考试时,需要支付考试征题、配题、试卷印制和运送,以及巡考、检查验收等费用,同意电子教育中心在组织中国计算机软件专业技术资格和水平考试时,向各省、自治区、直辖市考试机构收取考务费,收费标准为每人每科9元。
二、各省、自治区、直辖市考试机构向考生收取的考试费标准,由省、自治区、直辖市价格主管部门会同财政部门在电子教育中心考务费标准的基础上,加组织报名、租用考试场地、聘请监考人员和阅卷费用制定。
三、收费单位应到指定的价格主管部门办理《收费许可证》,并按财务隶属关系使用财政部和各省、自治区、直辖市财政部门统一印制的行政事业性收费票据。
四、按照《国务院深化收支两条线改革进一步加强财政管理意见的通知》(国办发[2001]93号)规定,电子教育中心收取的考务费和各省、自治区、直辖市计算机软件专业技术资格和水平考试机构收取的考试费,应按照财务隶属关系分别缴入中央和省、自治区、直辖市国库,实行“收支两条线”管理。即:电子教育中心和各省、自治区、直辖市计算机软件专业技术资格和水平考试机构应在收到考务费或考试费收入的当日内,按财务隶属关系就地全额上缴中央和省、自治区、直辖市国库。缴库时使用“一般缴款书”,并填列政府预算收支科目“一般预算收入”科目第42类“行政性收费收入”第4225款“信息产业行政性收费收入”科目,支出由同级财政部门按照其履行职能的需要核定。
五、收费单位应严格按照批准的收费项目和标准执行,不得自行增设收费项目和提高收费标准,并自觉接受价格、财政主管部门的监督检查。
六、上述规定自本通知发布之日起执行。


   衣冠不整者,免入公交车吗?
           杨涛

   近日,《今晚报》组织了一场名为“乘坐公交是否也能衣冠不整、谢绝入内”的读者讨论,讨论缘于该报接到了一些读者的反映。一名乘客说:“我在乘坐801路时,司机竟然让浑身味道令人作呕的一名乞丐也上了车,车上的人都躲着走,别扭死了。”另一位乘客也反映说,经过王顶堤批发市场的646路公交车上,经常能遇到提拿着鱼、虾等水产品的小贩乘车,这些“特殊”乘客们把货物放在车厢通道上,搞得车厢地面及周边满是腥气,致使很多乘客不愿上车,结果造成高峰时段有车不能上。

“衣冠不整,谢绝入内”一向是一些高档酒店、饭店专用字样,一度引起了人们对于有关“平等、权利”的话题的激烈的讨论。在赞成与反对两种意见对垒之后,“谢绝”得到了绝大多数人的默许,毕竟高级酒店、饭店并非是任何人都去得起的。但是,城市公交车,作为很多普通市民选择的出行工具,是否也能够作出类似“衣冠不整,谢绝入内”的规定呢?现实中出现的尴尬使得这一问题被提了出来。
从法律角度来看,乘客是无权提出“衣冠不整”者下车的要求。任何人只要向公交公司购买了车票,就是与其订立了客运合同。只要他不妨碍他人的正常乘车,不要说是乘客,就是公交公司也不能拒绝运送所谓“衣冠不整”者,否则就是对合同的违反,要负违约责任。
那么,公交公司是否有权对于“衣冠不整”者拒售车票呢?答案也是否定的。首先,我们从公交公司提供的服务的性质上分析,公交运输是一种带有公共福利性质的公共产品,是面向社会公众的公益服务。比起酒店、饭店等不带公益性质的服务行业来说,其在在签订合同自由要受到一定的限制,没有法定理由公交公司不能拒售车票,这是其法定的一种义务。在建设部、公安部1993年共同颁布的《城市公共交通车船乘坐规则》第四条仅规定赤膊者、醉酒者、无人监护的精神病患者及无成年人带领的学龄前儿童,不准乘坐车、船,并没有禁止“衣冠不整”者不准乘坐车、船。法无禁止即自由,购买车票,寻求公交服务是便每个公民不可剥夺的权利。如果上升到宪法层面说,依照《中华人民共和国宪法》第三十三条的规定:中华人民共和国公民在法律面前一律平等。对所谓“衣冠不整”者拒售车票,便是对他们在宪法上的平等权利的侵犯。
但问题还不仅仅于此,因为上面还只是解决了在现有法律规定的问题,即在实然上是怎样。但是本次讨论还涉及“衣冠不整”者乘车对其他乘客甚至是大多数乘客权利的侵犯,因此我们还要解决的是应当不应当限制其乘车的问题,即在应然层面上的问题。
首先,我们看看乞丐上车的问题,乞丐应当是最“不整衣冠”的人了。但是,没有人天生想为乞丐,除非一些所谓的“假乞丐”,这是一种天生的缺陷与后天的环境造成,相信乞丐和许多“衣冠不整”者一样并非就自愿不整衣冠,实在是一种生活所迫,当然也有些人是生活习惯。但不管如何,让“衣冠不整”者上车对于大多数乘客而言损害的只是他们姑且说是“审美”的权利和“闻听正常气味”的权利。但如果不让他们上车,损害的是“衣冠不整”者享受公共交通服务的权利,这是一种更为重大的权利。面对少数弱者的更为重大的权利,我们有什么理由说,多数人的权利就一定优于少数人的权利呢?毕竟,“审美”的权利和“闻听正常气味”的权利可以暂时放弃并不带来多大的损害,而享受公共交通服务的权利却无法替代。
其次,我们来分析提拿着鱼、虾等水产品的小贩的乘车权利。其实,笔者认为,这些不应列入“衣冠不整”者范围内,因为他们不仅是以“衣冠”,而且是以提拿着鱼、虾的行动影响他人。他们不仅影响了大多数乘客“审美”的权利和“闻听正常气味”,而且从实质意义上讲,由于这种恶劣的气味已经影响到乘客身心健康、影响到大多数乘客正常乘车的权利。因为这些乘客把货物放在车厢通道上,搞得车厢地面及周边满是腥气,致使很多乘客不愿上车,结果造成高峰时段有车不能上。这时便涉及少数人乘车权利与多数人乘车权利之间的博弈,我们认为当然要优先考虑多数人乘车权利,兼顾少数人乘车权利,比如在高峰时期间禁止其止车,可开设不同价格的车次;公交公司也要提供更为优质的服务,如司机及时清扫车厢,保持车内卫生;这些乘客本身也要注意影响,做好包装等等,尽可能不去妨碍他人的权利。
从这场讨论中,笔者认为更重要的是要在国民心目中培养共和的理念。民主的观念历经多年的传播,已经深入人心,但是共和的理念却知之甚少。民主是指由大多数人决定重大事项,当家作主。而共和却是指不仅仅要关注大多数人的利益与主张,少数人的利益与主张也不容忽视。这是因为:一是大多数人决定认为正确的事情,也许只是在某一小范围是正确的,放到更在范围也许并不正确。前些年广东一些地方农村投票剥夺出嫁女应有的享受村里福利的权利便是一例证。二是从历史长河来看,往往有时真理只掌握在少数人的手中,这一事实屡屡为历史所证。三是多数人有时是盲目、愚昧的,形成一种集体无意识,希特勒何以上台与文化大革命的悲剧是最好的诠注。最后,人之为人,有一些是天赋的、不可剥夺的自由与权利,诸如生命、健康、安全等等。
当一个社会,不仅民主观念深入人心,而且共和理念也家喻户晓,当大多数人的权益得以维护,少数人的利益也不随意被忽视时。我们才可以说这是一个文明的社会、法治的社会。
 
通联:江西省赣州市人民检察院 杨涛 华东政法学院法律硕士
邮编:341000

E-mail:tao1991@163.net tao9928@tom.com


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