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国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅



国务院同意国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局《关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见》，现转发给你们，请结合实际情况，认真贯彻执行。
加强出口商品质量管理，是提高经济效益、增加出口创汇的关键。近年来，我国部分出口商品质量下降，不但造成经济损失，影响出口创汇，而且有损于国家信誉。各地区、各有关部门对此要给予高度重视，采取有力措施，尽快扭转这种状况，把出口商品质量搞上去。

关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见
一、清理和整顿出口商品的生产厂点
各地区、各部门要对所有生产出口商品的企业进行一次全面清理和整顿，择优定点。凡不具备质量保证的企业，不准生产出口商品。
重点清理、整顿出口商品质量管理较差、生产加工厂点过多、质量问题较多的行业。
二、加强出口商品生产企业的质量管理和检验工作
（一）在生产企业中，对出口商品的质量，厂长（经理）要全面负责。
（二）出口专业厂、出口生产基地和重要出口商品生产企业，可设总质量师。总质量师协助厂长全面负责产品质量的检验和管理工作，有权代表厂长停止不合格出口商品的生产和出厂。
（三）在重要出口商品生产企业，试行国家商检部门派驻质量监督员制度（简称驻厂员制度）。驻厂员代表国家对生产企业的出口商品质量和检验工作进行监督，有权对出口商品使用的原材料、零部件和成品进行检验、抽查或复验。驻厂员如发现出口商品不合格，有权停止出口商品出
厂，并可通知外贸经营单位不予收购。
（四）所有出口商品生产企业，都要推行全面质量管理，健全质量责任制，加强检验工作，制订严格的工艺规程和劳动纪律。尽快建立和完善出口商品生产企业的质量保证体系。
三、加强出口商品质量的监督和检验
（一）一切出口商品都必须经过检验。不合格的商品（包括包装不合格）不准出厂，外贸经营单位不得收购，商检部门不予出证放行。
（二）逐步充实商检部门的力量，完善出口商品检验手段。
（三）商检部门要会同有关主管部门加快对重要出口商品发放出口商品质量许可证的工作。凡是实行出口商品质量许可证的商品，未取得出口商品质量许可证的，经贸主管部门不能签发出口许可证。
（四）经贸主管部门要加强对外贸经营单位的监督、检查，督促外贸经营单位加强质量管理工作，健全验收制度，增强验收力量，切实做到择优安排出口生产，择优收购商品，坚持质量第一、以质取胜的经营方针。凡不具备外贸经营条件的单位，经贸主管部门有权取消其外贸经营资格
，并通知工商行政管理部门吊销其营业执照。严禁违反国家规定，通过非正常渠道或采取不正当手段出口商品。
四、要把提高出口商品质量，作为企业技术进步工作的重点
各地区、各部门要根据外贸出口的战略需要，以提高产品质量、增加创汇为重点，调整技术进步的投资结构和方向，将出口商品的重点生产企业、专业厂与生产基地的技术改造、科技攻关、技术引进、测试检验、扩大生产、降低消耗等各方面的措施衔接起来。大力改善出口商品仓储条
件，减少商品的污染和损坏。
五、明确出口商品的质量责任
为了保证出口商品的质量，各有关单位和部门都要有明确的责任和制度。出口商品因质量问题造成经济损失或产生不良影响时，必须分清生产加工企业、外贸经营单位、仓储运输单位、商检部门和其他有关部门的责任。凡属渎职、失职造成的质量事故，要追究责任者和有关领导者的责
任，并严肃处理。
六、进一步改善出口商品的包装
中国包装进出口总公司要会同中国包装总公司，进一步研究制订改进出口商品包装的方案、计划和措施。当前要解决好出口食品、饮料、烟叶、罐头、五金、机械、陶瓷、纺织品、服装、棉花和危险品的包装，协调落实包装生产厂点和原材料供应，健全包装质量标准，加强质量管理、
检验和监督工作。
七、加强出口商品的标准化工作，改善口岸的计量条件
（一）标准、商检和经贸部门要会同各主管部门，加快制定和修订出口商品标准及出口检验标准。
（二）运输主管部门要会同商检和计量部门共同研究提出改进口岸计量条件的方案，纳入运输主管部门和有关地区技术改造规划，三年内基本改善口岸计量条件。
八、加强出口商品商标和出口专利产品的管理
（一）对名牌出口商品商标的使用，经贸和工商行政管理部门要共同进行一次清理整顿，加强管理，保护名牌出口商品。
（二）未经上级主管机关批准或专利权人同意，生产企业和外贸经营单位不得生产和经营出口专利产品。
（三）对国内外假冒我国出口商品商标、仿制我出口专利产品和伪造我商检证书的侵权、违法行为，要坚决查处、及时起诉，维护企业和我国的合法权益。
上述意见，如无不妥，请批转各地区、各部门贯彻执行。(附英文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THESTATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND
EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THESTRENGTHENIN

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-
SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-
MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE
STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE
STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(April 29, 1987)
The State Council has accepted The Recommendations Concerning the
Strengthening of Quality Control of Export Commodities, submitted by the
State Economic Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and Export Commodities Inspection.
The Recommendations are hereby transmitted to you, and you are requested
to implement them conscientiously in light of the actual conditions in
your spheres of activities.
The strengthening of quality control of export commodities is the key to
increasing economic returns as well as foreign exchange earnings. In
recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities has
shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and affected
foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also marred the reputation of
our country. All the localities and departments concerned shall give the
amplest attention to this state of affairs, take effective measures to
remedy it quickly so as to upgrade the quality of our export commodities.
RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COMMISSION, THE MINISTRY
OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT
AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY
CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(Extracts)
In recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities
has shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and had an
unfavourable impact on the foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also
marred the reputation of our country. In order to rapidly remedy this
situation and to strengthen quality control of our export commodities, we
hereby submit, on the basis of the investigations and studies of the
aforesaid situation and the opinions solicited from all localities and
departments concerned, the following recommendations:

I. Checking up and Rectifying Factories to be Designated as Export
Commodities Manufacturers
All the localities and departments concerned must carry out an all-round
checking-up on, and rectification of, all the enterprises that are
manufacturing export commodities and then designate from among them the
most outstanding ones as manufacturers of commodities for export. Those
enterprises found to be lacking the conditions for guaranteeing the
quality of their products shall not be permitted to manufacture
commodities for export. The State Economic Commission, the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and
Export Commodities Inspection shall jointly be responsible for the
checking-up and rectification in conjunction with other competent organs
concerned. The checking-up and rectification shall be focused on those
industries whose quality control over export commodities is comparatively
poor, whose number of factories designated for producing and processing
export commodities is too large, and whose quality problems are numerous.

II. Strengthening the Quality Control and Inspection Work in Enterprises
Producing Export Commodities
(1) In production enterprises, the factory director (the manager) shall
take overall responsibility for quality of export commodities.
(2) In factories specially engaged in the production of export
commodities, the production bases of export commodities, and the
enterprises producing import and export commodities, the post of chief
quality controller may be set up. The chief quality controller shall
assist the factory director in taking the overall responsibility for
inspecting and controlling the quality of products, for implementing the
Regulations on the Responsibility for Quality Control of Industrial
Products, for organizing the formulation and implementation of the rules
for reward and penalty relating to the quality of products, and for making
the decision, on behalf of the factory director, to stop the production
and delivery out of the factory of sub-standard export commodities.
(3) In enterprises producing important export commodities, the system of
having a resident quality supervisor stationed in the enterprise and sent
by the State commodities inspection department (referred to, for short, as
"the resident supervisor system") shall be implemented on a trial basis.
The resident supervisor shall, in the name of the State, exercise
supervision over the quality and inspection of the production enterprise's
export commodities, and have the right to inspect, to spot check, or to
re-inspect the finished products, or the raw and processed materials, or
spare parts and components, used in manufacturing export commodities. In
case where the resident supervisor discovers that the export commodities
are not up to the standard, he/she has the right to stop the delivery out
of the factory of the export commodities, and may ask the foreign trade
corporations not to purchase the said export commodities. The production
enterprise shall provide the resident supervisor with working conditions,
the data of quality, and relevant technical documents for carrying out
quality inspection; and it shall also inspect, spot check, or re-inspect
its products, as required by the resident supervisor. The resident
supervisors shall be personnel of the State commodities inspection
departments, and their salaries, bonuses and welfare benefits shall all be
borne by the sending department so that no direct economic connections
shall exist between the resident supervisors and the production
enterprise.
(4) All the production enterprises manufacturing export commodities shall
implement an all-round quality control, strengthen and perfect the quality
responsibility system, strengthen inspection work, and work out strict
technological processes and labour discipline. The factory director shall
appoint a person who has technical know-how, experience and strong sense
of responsibility, as head of the inspection department, and this
appointment shall be reported to the authorities in charge of the
enterprise for the record. No department or individual within the
enterprise shall be permitted to interfere with the work conducted by the
inspection department, and its independence in performing its functions
shall be guaranteed. It is imperative to establish and perfect, as soon as
possible, the quality guarantee system in enterprises producing export
commodities.

III. Strengthening the Supervision and Inspection of the Quality of Export
Commodities
All export commodities must undergo the process of inspection. Commodities
that are not up to the standard (including those whose packaging is not up
to the standard) shall not be permitted to leave the factory; the foreign
trade corporations shall not be permitted to purchase such commodities;
and the commodities inspection department shall not issue export licence
and grant clearance.
The working contingent of the commodities inspection department shall be
reinforced gradually, and the means of inspection of export commodities be
perfected. The commodities inspection department shall, in conjunction
with the competent authorities concerned, speed up the work for issuing
quality licenses for important export commodities. With respect to those
commodities to which the system of quality licence for export commodities
applies, the competent authorities for foreign economic relations and
trade shall not issue for them export licences before they have obtained
quality licenses for export commodities.
The competent authorities for foreign economic relations and trade shall
strengthen their supervision over and inspection of foreign trade
corporations, and urge them to strengthen the work of quality control, to
improve examination-and-acceptance system, and reinforce the working
personnel for the system, to strive to do a good job in selecting
outstanding factories to manufacture commodities for export, to purchase
commodities from the factories that produce quality products, and to
adhere to the principle of "placing quality first, and winning over the
customers by offering them quality products". The competent authorities
for foreign economic relations and trade shall have the right to
disqualify those units which do not have the qualifications for doing
foreign trade business, and ask the administrative department for industry
and commerce to revoke their business licences. The exportation of
commodities through irregular channels or by using crooked means by
violation of the State provisions shall be strictly prohibited.
IV. Taking the Improvement of the Quality of Export Commodities as the
Focus of the Work of Technical Advancement
All the localities and departments shall, in accordance with the
requirements of the strategy of export and foreign trade, make adjustment
in the structure and the orientation of investment for technical
advancement, and link up the various measures adopted for technical
transformation, the tackling of difficult problems (in science and
technology), the importation of technology, testing and inspection, the
expansion of production, and the reduction in consumption of raw materials
and energy, at the key production enterprises, specialized factories, and
production bases for the manufacture of export commodities by taking the
improvement of the quality of products and the increases in foreign
exchange earnings as the focal point. Strenuous efforts shall be devoted
to the improvement of the warehousing and storage conditions for export
commodities, so as to reduce or eliminate the contamination of or damages
to export commodities.

V. Clearly Defining the Responsibility for the Quality of Export
Commodities
In order to guarantee the quality of export commodities, all units and
departments concerned must have both a clear-out definition of the job
responsibility and rules. If the poor quality of some export commodities
has resulted in economic losses or made a negative reflection on China's
reputation, it is imperative to check up on the responsibilities to be
borne by the production and processing enterprises, the foreign trade
corporations, the warehousing and storage units, the department for
commodities inspection, or other departments concerned. Cases of quality
problem caused by dereliction or neglect of one's duty shall be looked
into, and the person in charge as well as the leading personnel involved
shall be held responsible and be dealt with in all seriousness.
VI. Further Improving the Packing of Export Commodities
The China National Packing Import and Export Company shall, in cooperation
with the China National Packing Corporation, conduct further studies on,
and work out programs and measures for the improvement of the packing of
export commodities. Each year, efforts must be made to improve the packing
of certain categories of export commodities. At present, it is imperative
to improve the packing of foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco leaves, canned
foods, hardware, machinery, ceramics, textiles, garments, cotton, and
dangerous articles. The two companies shall coordinate the supply-and-
demand relationship between packing factories and packing material
suppliers, perfect the packing standards, and strengthen the work of
quality control, inspection and supervision.
VII. Strengthening the Standardization of Export Commodities, and
Improving the Conditions for Conducting Measurement at Ports
(1) The authorities of standardization of commodities inspection, and of
foreign economic relations and trade shall, in cooperation with various
competent organs, speed up the formulation and revision of the standards
for export commodities and inspection criteria.
(2) The competent authorities of transportation shall, in cooperation with
the authorities of commodities inspection and metrological authorities,
submit a plan to improve metrological conditions at ports and incorporate
it into the program for technological transformation of the competent
authorities of transportation and the interested localities so as to
improve basically the metrological conditions at ports within 3 years.

VIII. Strengthening the Administration of Trademarks of Export Commodities
and Patented Products
With respect to the use of trademarks for export commodities of famous
brands, the authorities of foreign economic relations and trade and the
administrative departments for industry and commerce shall jointly conduct
a checking-up and rectification campaign to strengthen the administration
and protect export commodities of famous brands. Without the approval of
the competent authorities at a higher level or without the consent of the
patentee, no production enterprises and foreign trade corporations may
produce patented products for export and engage in export of such
products. Cases occurring either at home or abroad of infringements or
illegal acts such as counterfeiting the trademarks of our export
commodities, imitating the patented commodities we export or forging our
export commodities inspection certificates shall be resolutely
investigated and dealt with, and the offenders shall even be prosecuted in
time so as to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the enterprises
as well as of the State.
If no inappropriateness is found in the recommendations submitted above,
we request that they be approved and transmitted to all the localities and
departments for implementation.



1987年4月29日
企业法人被吊销或撤销后民事主体资格的确定及其民事责任承担

赵晓敏



企业法人被吊销或撤销后是否具有民事主体资格以及如何承担民事责任，在实践中和理论界一直存在争论，由于国家法律、行政法规对此未作明确的规定，加之最高人民法院的相关司法解释又与其不相同，导致在司法实践中的做法往往不一致，对相同的情况往往会作出不同的判决，有损司法的统一性和权威性。
企业法人被吊销或撤销后的民事主体确定

企业法人被吊销或撤销后，依法应当组成清算组织进行清算。对企业法人组成清算组织正在进行清算，或者应当清算而未清算时，该企业法人是否终止，其民事主体资格是否依然存续，以及该企业法人与以清算为目的成立的清算组织之间究竟是什么关系等问题，是审理以被吊销或撤销企业法人为债务人的民商事案件时首先要解决的问题，即首先要解决民事诉讼主体的问题。下面从三个方面分析。

（一）、吊销或撤销企业法人行为的性质及产生的法律后果

企业法人被吊销是指企业法人违反国家法律、行政法规，被工商行政管理机关吊销《企业法人营业执照》（下称营业执照）。企业法人登记条例第三十条“企业法人有下列情形之一的，登记主管机关可以根据情况分别给予警告、罚款、没收非法所得、停业整顿、扣缴、吊销《企业法人营业执照》的处罚。”并列举了六项违法情形。第三十二条“企业法人对登记主管机关的处罚不服时，可以在收到处罚通知后15日内向上一级登记机关申请复议。上级登记主管机关应当在收到复议申请之日起30日内作出复议决定。申请人对复议决定不服的，可以在收到复议通知之日起30日内向人民法院起诉。”公司登记管理条例第六十九条“伪造、涂改、出租、出借、转让营业执照的，由公司登记机关处以1万元以上10万元以下的罚款，情节严重的，吊销营业执照。”第七十一条“公司超出核准登记的经营范围从事经营活动的，由公司登记机关责令改正，并可处以1万元以上10万元以下的罚款；情节严重的，吊销营业执照。”从以上规定可以看出，吊销营业执照是一种行政处罚，被处罚的企业法人不服，还可以申请复议甚至提起行政诉讼。吊销营业执照不能导致企业法人的民事主体资格立即丧失。如果工商行政管理部门一作出吊销营业执照的处罚，企业法人的民事主体资格就立即丧失的话，那么由谁来申请复议和提起行政诉讼呢？营业执照是工商行政管理机关准许企业法人在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营活动的权利凭证，吊销营业执照只是取消了企业从事经营活动的权利，而企业法人的其他民事权利仍由企业行使，如清理企业的财产和债权债务等。吊销营业执照本质上是限制了企业法人的权利能力和行为能力，企业法人不能再从事经营活动。企业是以盈利为目的的经济组织，企业不能从事经营活动，也就不可能盈利，企业也就失去了存在的根本条件，就必然导致企业的解散。吊销营业执照产生的最直接的法律后果是企业法人进入清算程序，导致企业法人的解散。

企业法人被撤销是指企业法人违反国家法律、行政法规被主管部门撤销。我国公司法第一百九十二条规定“公司违反法律、行政法规被依法责令关闭的，应当解散，由有关主管机关组织股东、有关机关及有关专业人员成立清算组，进行清算。”全民所有制工业企业法第十九条、第二十条、第二十一条规定：企业违反法律、法规被责令撤销是企业终止的原因之一；企业终止时，必须保护其财产，依法清理债权债务；企业终止须经工商行政管理部门核准登记。外资企业法实施细则第七十二条、第七十七条、第七十九条规定：违反中国法律、法规，危害社会公共利益被依法撤销是外资企业应予终止的情形之一，并按照《外商投资企业清算办法》进行清算；外资企业清算结束，应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续。《外商投资企业清算办法》第三十五条“企业审批机关批准特别清算开始之日或者企业被依法责令关闭之日，为特别清算开始之日。”从以上规定可以看出，撤销企业是一种行政决定，对撤销决定不服不能和吊销营业执照一样可以申请复议和提起行政诉讼，但其产生的法律后果与吊销营业执照是一样的，即企业法人进入清算程序，导致企业法人的解散。

综上，企业法人被吊销营业执照或被撤销，并不使企业法人的民事主体资格立即丧失，在清算期间，企业法人的民事主体资格仍然存续。只有在清算结束后，办理了注销登记手续，企业法人才终止，其民事主体资格才消灭。

（二）、企业法人解散与企业法人终止的关系

吊销营业执照和撤销是企业法人解散的事由之一，要确定企业法人被吊销或撤销后的民事主体资格，就必须分清企业法人解散和企业法人终止的不同。

企业法人的解散和企业法人的终止是两个不同的概念。企业法人的解散是指企业法人因本身不能存续的事由发生，而停止积极活动，开始整理财产关系，是企业法人终止程序的一个环节，是确定企业法人将要终止，这种确定虽然不会立即导致企业法人的消灭，但它必将导致企业法人的消灭。注1企业法人的终止，是指企业法人资格的消灭。企业法人终止后，其民事权利能力和民事行为能力丧失，民事主体资格消灭，是企业法人在实体上的消灭。我国公司法第一百九十七条“公司清算结束后，清算组应当制作清算报告，报股东会或者有关主管机关确认，并报送公司登记机关，申请注销公司登记，公告公司终止。”公司登记管理条例第三十八条“经公司登记机关核准注销登记，公司终止。”这说明企业法人的解散是企业法人终止的前奏，企业法人的解散事由（被吊销营业执照或撤销）出现时，只是说明企业法人即将终止，此时企业法人民事主体资格依然存续，只有经合法清算后，办理了注销登记手续，企业法人才告终止。“法人非如自然人因死亡或死亡宣告而丧失人格，唯依解散及清算，或依破产宣告及破产程序终结而丧失人格。法人依解散程序终结，法律上在于当然丧失人格之命运，然若径行消灭，则已与法人成立法律关系之人，因而不当的丧失权利或免其义务，从而在其整理完毕以前，应使法人继续存在。即解散仅为法人权利能力丧失之原因，而非径使其权利能力消灭。” 注2企业法人解散时进行的清算有两种后果，一是经清算企业资产能够抵偿其债务的，企业财产抵偿债务后剩余的财产可按公司章程分配给股东，企业终止；二是经清算资不抵债的，转入破产清算程序，经破产清算，各债权人公平受偿后，企业法人终止。故当企业法人被吊销营业执照或被撤销后，在清算期间，其民事主体资格并未消灭，只有在办理注销登记后才能构成法律意义上的终止。换句话说，企业法人被吊销营业执照或撤销并非其法人人格的当然消灭，而只是法人人格消灭的原因，即企业法人因发生法律上的原因而丧失其营业的上权力能力，而不是在被吊销营业执照或撤销等法律规定的解散事由出现时就当然丧失法律人格，否则其内部关系与对外关系将无法了结，已经与企业法人成立法律关系的主体就可能遭受不测的损害或者取得不正当的利益。清算是清理被解散企业法人的财产，了结其所为当事人的关系，从而使企业法人最终消灭的程序。因此，企业法人被吊销或撤销是企业终止的原因，企业法人只有在办理注销登记手续后终止，其民事主体资格才正式消灭。

（三）、清算组织的法律地位

对清算组织的法律地位问题，有两种不同的观点。一种观点认为，清算组织是企业法人进入清算阶段时，企业法人的代表及执行机关，对内执行清算义务，对外代表企业法人了结债权债务，在清算目的范围内，与被吊销或撤销前企业法人机关具有同等的法律地位，只不过清算组织的任务是清理企业法人的债权债务，而被吊销或撤销前企业法人机关的任务是管理企业法人事务从事经营活动，两者的身份是相同的。故清算组织在诉讼中应作为企业法人清算期间的机关代表企业进行诉讼，在承担责任上，应是判决企业法人承担责任。即企业法人进入清算程序后至办理注销登记前，其民事诉讼主体资格依然存续，但其民事行为能力受到限制（不能进行经营活动），清算组织作为企业法人的机关，由其代表企业法人进行清算活动。另一种观点认为，清算组织系因企业法人被吊销或撤销主体资格消灭后，法律专为企业法人的清算目的而设立的，是独立与企业法人的，其享有的是对原企业法人的债权债务进行清算的权利能力和行为能力，故在诉讼中清算组织应作为诉讼主体参加诉讼，但又仅以原企业法人的财产为限承担民事责任。这种观点突出表现在最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行民法通则若干问题的意见》（试行）第60条：“清算组织是清算企业法人债权、债务为目的而依法成立的组织。它负责对终止的企业法人的财产进行保管、清理、估价、处理和清偿。对于涉及终止的企业法人债权、债务的民事诉讼，清算组织可以用自己的名义参加诉讼”，以及最高人民法院《关于适用民事诉讼法若干问题的意见》第51条：“企业法人未经清算即被撤销，有清算组织的，以该清算组织为当事人”。这种观点与我国公司法的规定相违背。公司法第一百九十三条：“清算组在清算期间行使下列职权”“代表公司参与民事诉讼活动”。清算组是代表公司参与民事诉讼活动，而非取代公司参加民事诉讼活动，其诉讼主体仍然是公司。笔者认为，基于企业法人在清算阶段其民事主体资格依然存续的观点，清算组织在性质上应确定为企业法人在清算阶段的法人机关，而非原企业法人的延续，在具体诉讼活动中，由清算组织的负责人代表企业法人参加诉讼。

综上，企业法人被吊销或撤销后，只要未办理注销登记，其民事主体资格依然存续，其仍应作为案件当事人参加诉讼。

企业法人被吊销或撤销后的民事责任承担

企业法人被吊销营业执照或撤销的原因是该企业法人违反了国家法律、行政法规，所以这类企业多数情况下并无依法进行清算，往往是人去楼空、名存实亡。故虽然法律上认定其民事主体资格依然存续，并在案件中将其列为被告，判决其承担责任后，债权人得到的也往往只不过是一张空文，法院执行时找不到债务人，也无法查清债务人的具体财产，判决很难得到切实执行，这样债权人的合法权益就受到了侵犯。还有一些企业法人未经合法清算，通过编造虚假的清算文件、债务清偿完结的证明等，骗取工商行政管理部门核准了注销登记。办理了注销登记在法律上就应认定该企业法人已终止，其民事主体资格已消亡。在这些情况下，是否能追及企业法人的开办者、投资者（股东）来承担企业法人的民事责任，是债权人最关心的事，也是实现债权最有效、最便捷的途径。笔者认为，根据企业法人制度理论，企业法人一经合法产生，就具有独立法人资格，拥有独立财产，对于民事活动就应以其财产独立承担民事责任，企业法人与投资者是彼此独立的民事主体，投资者仅以其投资额为限对企业法人承担有限责任。故在企业法人被吊销或撤销的情况下，原则上应由企业法人独立承担民事责任。这是解决被吊销或撤销企业法人债务的基本原则。但这项原则也并不是绝对的，当企业法人的开办者、投资者未履行法定的义务，侵犯了债权人的合法权益时，也应承担相应的民事责任。因为企业法人被吊销或撤销后，组成清算组进行清算是企业开办者、投资者的法定义务。企业的开办者、投资者不履行进行清算的义务，必然直接损害债权人的债权，根据侵权法律制度理论，其应承担因其侵权行为对债权人的债权所造成的损害责任。以下分析在三种情况下企业法人被吊销或撤销后民事责任承担问题。

（一）、企业法人正在依法清算时，应由企业法人独立承担民事责任

企业法人进行清算时，清算组在清算期间行使的职权（同样也是义务）是：清理公司财产，分别编制资产负债表和财产清单；通知或者公告债权人；处理与清算有关的公司未了结的业务；清缴所欠税款；清理债权、债务；处理公司清偿债务后的剩余财产；代表公司参与民事诉讼活动。当企业财产能够清偿企业债务时，分别支付清算费用、职工工资和劳动保险费用，缴纳所欠税款，清偿企业债务，对清偿后的企业剩余财产由股东进行分配。当企业财产不足清偿债务时，应当立即向人民法院申请宣告破产，按破产程序进行清算。在这种情况下，企业法人的开办者、投资者依法履行了法定的清算义务，没有侵犯债权人的合法权益，也就不应当承担企业法人的民事责任。企业法人的财产能够清偿企业债务时，债权人的债权能得到全部实现；当企业法人的财产不足清偿债务时，债权人的债权通过破产程序受偿，不足部分被合法消灭。故应只列企业法人为被告，判决由企业法人偿还债务。

（二）、企业法人未依法进行清算，也未办理注销登记时，由企业法人和开办者、投资者共同承担民事责任

企业法人的开办者、投资者在性质上是股东，在企业法人被吊销或撤销时负有清算责任，这种责任是一种作为责任，企业法人的开办者、投资者怠于履行这种责任就必定会造成企业财产贬值、流失、灭失的实际损失。也有的企业法人的开办者、投资者在企业法人被吊销或撤销时，趁机侵占企业财产、抽逃出资或恶意处置企业的财产。这些行为必然导致企业财产的非正常减少，甚至丧失。从而使企业法人的财产不足以清偿债权，甚至无财产清偿债权，这就侵犯了债权人的合法权益。而企业法人的债务除通过完全清偿而消灭外，想只部分清偿或不清偿而消灭，合法的途径是通过破产程序。由于企业法人没有进行清算，他人就无法确定企业的财产状况，无法知道企业的财产是否足够清偿债务，只要未向法院申请宣告破产，就应推定企业财产能够清偿债务，企业法人的开办者、投资者应保证企业所有债务能够得到全部清偿。故企业法人被吊销或撤销后，应清算而未清算，在未办理注销登记前，可将企业法人和其开办者、投资者列为共同被告，判决企业法人承担清偿责任，其开办者、投资者承担连带责任。具体承担责任时，可先执行企业法人的财产，不足部分由其开办者、投资者偿还。

（三）、企业法人未经清算已办理注销登记时，由企业法人的开办者、投资者承担民事责任

企业法人未经合法清算，其开办者、投资者采取欺骗的手段，编造已清算完毕的虚假材料，向工商行政管理部门办理注销登记。工商行政管理部门对提交的材料只进行形式审查，而不作实质审查，一经核准，办理了注销登记其法律人格即消灭。企业法人的人格与自然人不同，自然人是始于出生，终于死亡；而企业法人是以企业登记机关的登记为准，始于开业登记，终于注销登记，注销后不可能再恢复。故企业法人只要办理了注销登记，就不能作为民事主体承担责任。原企业法人的开办着、投资者编造了清理债务完结的证明，理论上其应当承担经合法清算应与了结的债务。企业法人如果不是经破产程序终止，从理论上可推定该企业法人被注销前的财产足以清偿债务。该企业法人的债务没有清偿即被注销，这就可推定该企业法人用于清偿债务的财产被其开办者、投资者占有，故应由其开办者、投资者承担偿还责任。

综上，笔者认为，在企业法人被吊销或撤销后，只要未办理注销登记手续，其民事主体资格依然存续，其仍应作为民事诉讼主体参加诉讼活动。企业法人一经注销，其民事主体资格即丧失，不能再作为民事诉讼主体参加诉讼活动。企业法人在合法清算期间，由其独自承担民事责任。企业法人的开办者、投资者怠于履行清算义务，在企业法人未注销前，由企业法人和其开办者、投资者共同承担民事责任；在企业法人注销后由原企业法人的开办者、投资者承担原企业的民事责任。这样既符合法人制度理论，企业法人以其财产独自承担民事责任，又可防止企业法人的开办者、投资者采取不法行为恶意逃废债务，侵害债权人的利益，从而充分保护债权人的合法权益，维护交易的安全。

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